Tuesday, June 28, 2016

1887 - Egg-Plant to Evening Primrose - Part 9 - Sturtevant's HISTORY OF GARDEN VEGETABLES
















 (Continued from page 912.)


(With a few additions from Sturtevant's Notes on Edible Plants posted in brown typeface.)



Want to see the footnotes that have been removed? 

Go to this link for "History...".
and this one for "Notes...".

 Egg-Plant. Solanum melongena L.



























This outstanding illustration is from http://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/titleinfo/242564 in the 1708 book with a very long title! 

Translation: Nürnbergische Hesperides, Or Thorough Description The noble Citron, Lemon, and Pomerantzen fruits, as such, at that and adjacent area, rather like are used, maintained, preserved and taken away, velvet a detailed narration of most varieties, which partly würcklich to Nuremberg been grown, partly brought from different strange places there, engraved on the accurateste in Kupffer, eingetheilet in fourths and Expound with useful Anmerckungen. Beneben of Flora, or Curiosen idea Various rare flowers, velvet tear open easily have one addition of several other plants, and a detailed report on how to create a properly-sufficient solar clock in the garden field of Bux, and gardens after Perspectiv, As a report from those standing in the author's garden, Colvmnis Milliaribvs 


The egg-plant seems not to have been known in Europe in the time of the ancients.
The Arab physician, Ebn Baithar, who wrote in the thirteenth century, speaks of it, and cites Rhases, who lived in the ninth century.  Albertus Magnus.s who lived in Europe in the thirteenth century, mentions it, — "Et sic invenitur tres sapores in melangena, amarus acutus et stypticus."  (And then there are three flavors in melangena, bitter, sharp and astringent.)
Ibn-al-awan, a Moorish Spaniard of the twelfth century, describes four species, and the Nabatheenne agriculture six.

According to Jessen, Avicenna, who flourished about a.d. 595, knew it, and called it badingan. This latter word, variously spelled, is the present name in Hindustanee, Arabic, Persian, and Sumatran, and the closely corresponding English  name in India is Brinjal, and Begoon;  in Spain, Berengena; or at San Domingo, Beringene.  

 Bretschneider  says the egg-plant can be identified in the Ts'i min yao shu, a Chinese work on agriculture of the fifth century, and is described in later writings of 1590, 1640, and 1742.
JIN NONG (1687-1763)
Acosta  mentions, as among the vegetables carried from Spain to America, the barengenes, or apples of Love,  and Piso,  in 1658, figures the egg-plant among Brazilian plants, under the name of belingela.

 The various European names are given as below :

  •  in Belgian, veramgenes, eierplant ;
  •  in English, apples of love, madde apples, egg-plant ;
  •  in France, albergine, aubergine, beringene, brehheme, bringele, magrinan, mayenne, melanzane , merangene , meringeane, verinjeane, viadase ;
  • in Germany, Eierpflanze ;
  • in Italy, petonciano, melanzacca, maringiani ;
    Photo: Phoebe Ayers
  •  in Portugal, bringela ;
  • in Spain, berengena.

These names are largely derived from the Arabic melongena as given by Rauwolf.

 The egg-plants first known in Europe appear to belong to the class we now grow for ornament, and the fruit resembling an egg. They were of various colors.


  • Fuchsius (1542) mentions the purple and the yellow; 
  • Tragus (1552), who says they have recently reached Germany from Naples, names the same colors ; Lyte's "Dodoens" (1586) reads two kinds, — one purple and the other pale or whitish. 
  • In 1587, Dalechamp figures three kinds, — the one long, another obscurely pear-shaped, and the third rounded, — and mentions the colors purple, yellow, and ash- colored;  
  • Gerarde (1597) says white, yellow, or brown; 
  • Dodonaeus (1616) mentions the oblong and round, white and purple; 
  • Marcgravius , in 1648, describes a round and yellow fruit;
  • J. Bauhin (1651) names various sorts, the long, the deep, and the round, yellow, purple, and whitish.  
  • Bontius, in 1658, describes the wild plant of Java as oblong and round, or spherical, the color yellow; the cultivated sorts purple or white, etc.
  • Rauwolf, who particularly described these plants at Aleppo in 1574, as ash- colored, yellow, and purple. 
 At present the purple egg-plant is almost the only color grown in our kitchen-gardens, but there are many sorts grown in other regions. The purple and the white ornamental are named for American gardens in 1806, as also in England in 1807, in France in 1824, etc.

In the Mauritius, Bojer  names  three varieties, and the purple and white colors. 
In India, Carey  says, there are several varieties in constant cultivation by the natives, such as green, white, purple, yellow, etc. Firminger  describes purple-, black-, and white-fruited forms ; and Speede  names the purple and white in six varieties. 
In Cochin China, Loureiro describes five sorts, purple, white, and variegated.

 There are two sorts of plants to be recognized, — (a) the one with the stems, leaves, and calyxes unarmed, or nearly so; (b) the other with the stems, leaves, and calyxes more or less aculeate.
 a. The first sort is figured by Fuchsius (1542), and by succeeding authors up to the present date.
 b. The second sort is first noticed, so far as I can ascertain, by Camerarius in 1588, and has continued to the present time.

 The varieties now grown in American gardens can be divided very readily into four types, — the oval, the round, the long, and the oblong or pear-shape, — and the following synonymy can be established :

Basket with aubergines, Totoya Hokkei, c. 1890 - c. 1900, from Rijksstudio


 I. The Oval. This, at present, includes but ornamental sorts, and our present forms show a marked improvement in evenness and regularity over the older forms.


 a. Calyx not Spiny. 
  • Mala insana. Fuch., 1542, 513; Roszlin, 1550, 117; Tragus, 1552, 894; Pinseus, 1561, 514; Ger., 1597, 274; Swertius, 1612, t. 20, p. I ; Dod., 1616, 458. 
  • Melongena sive mala insana vel melanzana. Lob. Obs., 1576, 138; ic, 1591, i. 268. 
  • Melongena, seu mala insana. Cam., Epit, 1586, 820. 
  • Melongena Matth., Opera., 1598, 760. 
  • Melanzane. Cast. Dur., 1617, 279. 
  • Solanum pomiferum fructu rotundo. J. Bauh., 165 1, iii. 618. 
  • Melongena arabum. Chabr., 1673, 524. 
  • Aubergine blanche. Vilm., 1883, 27 

 b. Calyx Spiny. 
  •  Melanzana fructu pallido. Hort. Eyst, 1713; Aut. Ord., i. p. 3 ; also ib., 1613. 
  •  White Egg-Plant. N. Y. Sta., 1886.
Luis Egidio Meléndez -Still Life with Tomatoes a Bowl of Aubergines and Onions,  - 1780

 II. The Round. 
 a. Calyx not Spiny.
  •  Belingela. Marcg., 1648, 24; Piso, 1658, 210. 
  •  Aubergine ronde de Chine. Decaisne & Naudin, Man., iv. 288.
  •  Black Pekin. Ferry, 1883 ; Hovey, 1866.
 b. Calyx Spiny.
  •  Black Pekin. Greg., 1886; Thorb., 1886
from Vietnam

 III. The Long.

This varies much in size and proportion, — if the Chinese variety described by Kizo Tamari  as recently introduced into Japan belongs to this class. He says it is about one inch in diameter by one foot and a half long. This form may be either straight or curved.


 a. Calyx not Spiny.
  •  Melantzana arabum melongena. Lugd., 1587, ii., app., 23. 
  •  Solanum pomiferum fructu incurvo. J. Bauhin, 165 1, iii. 619; Chabr., 1673, 524; Pluk., Phyt, 1691, t. 226, p. 2. 
  •  Aubergine violette longue. Decaisne & Naudin, Man., iv. 287. 
 b. Calyx Spiny.
  •  Aubergine violette longue. Vilm., 1883, 24. 

 IV. The Oblong, or Pear-Shaped. This form is a swollen fruit with an elongation towards the summit, in some of its varieties shaped like the powder-horn gourd.


 a. Calyx not Spiny.
  •  Melantzana nigra. Lugd., 1587, ii., app., 23. 
  • Aubergine violette nain tres hative. Vilm., 1883, 26.
  •  Early Round Violet. Damman, 1884.
 b. Calyx Spiny.
  •  Solanum pomiferum magnus fructu, etc. Pluk., Phyt., 1691, t. 226, p. 3. 
  •  Melongena. Tourn., 1719, t. 65. 
  •  American Large Purple. Burr, 1863, 609. 
We may note that the Arabic words melongena and Bedengiam were applied by Rauwolf to the long-fruited form, the calyx not spiny, while the word Batleschaim, or Melanzana Batleschaim, was applied to the spiny-calyx form of the pear-shaped, — if Gronovius's  synonymy is to be trusted.

 Every type, in the varieties that I have seen under cultivation can be, with certainty, referred to one of the four forms above named. The oval-form type is figured in 1542, as we have shown; the round type in 1648, in Brazil; the long type, by Dalechamp, in 1587; and the pear-shaped type also in 1587. All the colors now noted, and more, receive notice in the ancient writers. As we have confined our synonymy to those authors who have given figures, and have omitted those who but described, however certainly the descriptions would apply, we can claim accuracy as to our facts.

 We, hence, have no evidence that types have originated through cultivation in recent years, and we have strong evidence that types have continued unchanged through long-continued cultivation under diverse climates. It is but as we examine variation within types that we see the influences of cultivation. It is not altogether in size. The oval-fruited is described by Dodonseus (1616) as of the form and size of an egg, but he says that in Egypt, where the plant is wild, it attains double or three times this size, which it has in France and Germany. 

 Ray in 1686, compares the size of the long-fruited to that of an egg, or of a cucumber, — a comparison that would answer for to-day, as cucumber size covers a wide range; but he adds that the curved form is like a long gourd. The figures of the pear- shaped in 1719 indicate a fruit which compares well with the usual sizes grown at the present time. It is in regularity of form, and in the large size of selected strains, that we see the influence arising from careful selection and protected growth.

 What other influence has climate exercised ? We do not know. 
 This sketch illustrates the point I have already made in my study of the dandelion, celery, and other vegetables, — that types of varieties have great fixity, are not produced through human selection and cultivation, and, I wish I could add in this case, originated from wild prototypes ; but, unfortunately, I find no particular records of the variation observed in feral, or spontaneous plants.

S. montanum Linn.,  
Peru. The Peruvian Indians are stated to use the roots in soups.1
S. muricatum Ait. Pepino.  
 Chile and Peru. This is a shrubby species with egg-shaped, edible berries, which are white, with purple spots, and attain a length of six inches.2 
S. nigrum Linn,  Black Nightshade, Common Nightshade. 
Cosmopolitan. This plant, says Vilmorin, is not as yet used in France as a vegetable, but, in warm countries, the leaves are sometimes eaten as spinach.  It is mentioned by Galen  among aliments in the second century but was not cultivated in Germany in Fuchsius'  time, 1542, although it retained its name, Solanum hortense, perhaps from its former cultivation. 
It is a plant of wide distribution, occurring in the northern hemisphere from Sweden and the northeast of America from Hudson Bay, even to the equatorial regions; as, for example, at Timor, the Galapagos, the Antilles, Abyssinia, the Mascarene Isles, Mauritius, Van Diemen's Land and Chile.
 It is found as a potherb in the markets of Mauritius  and is used as a spinach in central Africa. In China, the young shoots are eaten, as also its black berries, and, in the Mississippi Valley, the little black berries are made into pies and other pastry.
S. quitoense Lam.,
 Peru. The berries resemble in size, color and taste small oranges and are of a peculiar fragrance.11 The Peruvians eat this fruit.
 S. repandum Forst. f. 
Pacific Isles. In Viti, the fruit is eaten by the natives, either in soups or with yams.
 S sessiliflorum Dun., 
Brazil. The berries are eaten in Para, where they are called cubios, and the leaves are also eaten in Brazil.
S. topiro Humb. & Bonpl. Turkey Berry. 
 Banks of the Orinoco. The berry is edible. 
S. torvum Sw.
Cosmopolitan tropics. West Indies to Peru. This species is shrubby with yellow, spherical berries of good size which seem wholesome.

 Elecampane. Inula helenium L.

 The use of this plant is now nearly abandoned, although it was once highly regarded as an aromatic tonic. 

Columella, Pliny, and Palladius mention its culture by the Romans of the first and third centuries.  Vegetius Renatus, about the beginning of the fifth century, calls it Inula campana, and St. Isidore, in the beginning of the seventh, names it Inula, adding "quam Alam rustici vocant."  ("country folk call the Alam"  or something like that.)

It is frequently mentioned in Anglo- Saxon writings on medicine before the Norman conquest, and was the " marchalan" of the Welsh physicians of the thirteenth century, and was generally well known during the middle ages.


This handsome drawing is from Sibthrop, J., Smith, J.E., Flora Graeca (drawings), vol. 9: t. 73 (1837)

 The root is the valuable part, and it was used for candying into a sweetmeat; as well as for a medicine, and is sometimes even now used in distilling absinthe in order to give a flavor. It was in American gardens in 1806,  and its seed is yet advertised in some of our seed catalogues.

 The Elecampane is called,

  • in France, aulnée, aromate germanique, aunée, oeil-de-cheval ;
  • in Germany, alant;
  •  in Anglo- Saxon, hors-helene ;
  • in Italy, elenio or enula campana.


 The plant, now naturalized in places in the United States, is native to Southern and Central Europe, extending eastward to the Caucasus, Southern Siberia, and in the Himalayas. It also occurs in Southern England and Ireland, Norway, and Finland.


 Endive. Cichorium endivia L.

Herbarium of Felix Platters, late 1500s

 There are two distinct forms of endive, — the one the curled, the other the broad-leaved. The first does not seem to have been known to the ancients, although Dioscorides  and Pliny  name two kinds.
Weinmann, J.W., Phytanthoza iconographia,  (1739)
This is a lovely page, isn't it?

 In the thirteenth century Albertus Magnus  names also two kinds, the one with narrower leaves than the other; and in 1542, Fuchsius  figures two kinds of like description, and like forms are noted in nearly all the earlier botanies. 

 A curled broad-leaved form is figured by Camerarius  in 1586; Dalechampius,  1587; Gerarde,  1597, etc. It is, however, described in the "Adversaria,"  1570. These authors named all furnish what may reasonably be considered as the types of the four kinds of broad-leaved endives now described by Vilmorin.  

The origin of the curled endives, of which Vilmorin describes twelve, I find difficult to trace. The peculiar truncate appearance of the seed-stalks is very conspicuous, and this feature would lead me to suspect that the type is to be seen in the Sens sativa of Lobel  (1576), but the resemblances, I must confess, are quite remote. This is the Cichorium latioris fohi of Dodonseus  (1616). They were in English gardens as a well-known sort in 1778,  and were named among seedsmen's supplies in 1726 ;  in the United States prior to 1806. 

 The endive is called,
  • in France, chicoree endive ;
  • in Germany, endivien, winter-endivien ;
  • in Flanders and Holland, andijvie ;
  •  in Denmark, endivien;
  • in Italy, indivia, endivia ;
  • in Spain, endivia, escarola ;
  • in Portugal, endivia
The curled forms are called,
  • in France, chicories ; the broad-leaved form, Scaroles ;
  • in English, Batavian ;
  • in Arabic, Sjikuri;
  • by Turks, hiddiba ;
  • in Egypt, hendibe ;
  • in Egyptian, saris, serin ;
  • in India, kasnee ;
  • in Japan, fanna tsisa;
  • Hindustani, kasni ;
  • Tamil, koschi
 In 1885, a curled endive, at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, was crossed by lettuce-pollen. The crop of 1886 showed a plant resembling the lettuce in leaf, but with the flower of the endive. We may explain this result as being a case of atavism, the stimulus of the foreign pollen bringing out one of the lettuce-like broad-leaved forms, which had shared in the parentages from which the curled was evolved.


 English Bean. Vicia faba L. ; Faba vulgaris Moench.

 The culture of the English or broad-bean precedes the period of written history, as the seeds have been found not only in the Egyptian tombs of the twelfth dynasty, or from two thousand two hundred to two thousand four hundred years before Christ,  and have been excavated from the ruins of Troy, but appear among the debris of the bronze age of the lake-dwellers of ancient Switzerland,  and the variety found continued to the times of the Romans. 

 Beans were also found at Teneriffe  at the period of the discovery; and Bretschneider  records that, about 140-86 B.C., during the reign of the Emperor Wu-ti, the celebrated general Chang-kien brought the bean from Western Asia ; but these were probably only better varieties than those then grown in China.


Fuchs, L., New Kreüterbuch,  (1543)
The bean was grown by the ancient Romans and Greeks, and finds frequent mention in their writings, and in Egypt was subject to many superstitious beliefs and prejudices.  This bean is now more or less cultivated in all quarters of the globe.

 It reached the British North American Colonies early in the seventeenth century, having been planted by Gosnold in the Elizabeth Islands, near the coast of Massachusetts, in 1602.



 Beans were under cultivation also in Newfoundland as early as 1622, in New Netherlands in 1644, and in Virginia prior to 1648.  At the present time Vilmorin' describes twelve garden and four field varieties as worthy of culture in France. In England this bean is very extensively grown. Dr. Alefield  had separated forty varieties in 1862. In America they are but little grown, and our best seed-catalogues enumerate no more than four varieties.
Passe, C. van de, Hortus floridus, fasicle pars altera, (1614)
 Linnaeus forms this bean into two botanical varieties, as does also Moench, who names the one kortensis, or the garden bean ; the other equina, or the horse-bean.  These are both figured or mentioned by the early botanists : the hortensis or garden bean by Fuchsius (1542), Tragus (1552), etc.; the equina is described by Pena and Lobel in their "Adversaria" (1570), and by Lyte in his "Dodoens" (1586), as well as by Dodonaeus in 1566.
Gourdon, J., Naudin, P., Nouvelle iconographie fourragère, Atlas,  (1865-1871)

 I am too unfamiliar with the English bean to attempt a synonymy.  R. Thompson, in 1850, describes ten varieties, giving synonymes, and these include all sufficiently known to him. Let us follow up his synonymy, in order to see whether varieties of modern origination appear. This synonymy, we must caution, is founded upon identity of names in the most instances, and applies to the garden bean only, yet collateral evidence would seem to indicate a substantial correctness :

 1. Early mazagan.
  •  Thompson., 1850. Brought from a settlement of the Portuguese on the coast of Africa, just without the Straits of Gibraltar. Mill. Diet., 1807. 
  •  Early mazagan. Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783; McMahon, 1806; Thorb. Cat, 1828; Thorb.
       Cat, 1884., 
  •  Fève naine hative. Noisette, 1829; Vilm., 1882.
 2. Marshall's Early Dwarf Prolific. R. T., 1850.

 3. Long-pod. R. T., 1850. 
  •  Long-pod. McMahon, 1806. 
  •  Early long-pod. Mawe, 1778; Bridgeman, 1832; Loudon, i860. 
  •  Early Portugal ox Lisbon. Mawe, 1778; Mill. Diet, 1807. 
  •  Early Lisbon. McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832. 
  •  Turkey long-pod. Mawe, 1778; McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832. 
  •  Tall long-pod. Mawe, 1778. Sandwich. J. W., Gent, 1683; Townsend, 1726; Stevenson,
        1765; Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783; Bridgeman, 1832. 
  •  Sword long-pod. Thorb. Cat., 1828; Fessenden, 1828; Bridgeman, 1832; Thorb. Cat,
        1884. Hang-down long-pod. Vil., 1883. 
  •  Fève a longue cosses. Noisette, 1829; Vil., 1883.
4. Green long-pod. R. T., 1850. 
  •  Green Genoa. McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832. 
  •  Green Nonpareil. McMahon, 1 806 ; Thorb., Gard. Kal., 1821 ; . Fessenden, 1828;
       Bridgeman, 1832; Thorb. Cat, 1884.

5. Dutch long-pod. R. T, 1850; Loudon, i860.

6. Windsor. R. T, 1850.    (illus. from 1885 -Vilmorin-Andrieux)
  • Broad Windsor. Mill. Diet, 1807; Fessenden, 1828; Loudon, 1860; Thorb., 1884. 
  • Kentish Windsor. Bridgeman, 1832. R. T., Gard. Chron., 1850, 84. 
  • Taylor's Windsor. Bridgeman, 1832. Mumford. Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783 ; McMahon,   1806; Bridgeman, 1832. 
  • Small Spanish. Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783. 
  • Windsor. Stevenson, 1765 ; 'Mawe, 1778; 
  • Bryant, 1783. 
  • Large Windsor. Van der Donck, 1653; in present New York.
7. Green Windsor. R. T., 1850. Toker. Stevenson, 1765; Mawe, 1778; Bryant, 1783;
    Bridgeman, 1832. 
  •  Fève de Windsor verte. Vil., 1883.
 8. Green China. R. T., 1850.

 9. Dwarf Crimson-seeded. R. T., 1850. 
  •  Fève tres naine rouge. Vil., 1883.
10. Dwarf Fan. R. T., 1850.
  •  Dwarf Fan or Cluster. Mawe, 1778. 
  •  Dwarf Cluster. McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832. 
  •  Fève naine hative a chassiz. Vil., 1883
 11. Red-blossomed. Mawe, 1778; McMahon, 1806; Bridgeman, 1832; R. T., 1850.

 12. White-blossomed. Mawe, 1778; McMahon, 1806; Bridge- man, 1832; R. T., 1850.

 The only two other varieties I have seen advertised lately are Beck's Dwarf Green Gem and Seville long-pod. There is certainly no indication here that types have appeared in modern culture. The crowd of new names which appear during a decade gradually become reduced to a synonymy, and we find at last that the variation gained has been within types only.

 The European names of the broad-bean, or English bean, are :


  • Denmark, valske bonner ; 
  • in Flanders, platte boon; 
  • in France, fève, gorgane, gourgane ; 
  • in Germany, Garten bohnen, sau bohnen, puff bohnen ; 
  • in Holland, tuin boonen, roomsche boonen ; 
  • in Italy, fava ; 
  • in Portugal, fava ; 
  • in Spain, haba 
Other generic names are :
  • Arabic, ful or foul ; 
  • Hebrew, phul or pol ;
  • Celtic, fa, fas, fav; 
  • Slav, bob or bobu ; 
  • Berber, ibiou ; 
  • Basque, baba . 
The horse-bean is called,
  • in France, feverole ;
  • in Germany, pferde oder feld bohne ;
  • in Italy, fava cavallina




Evening Primrose.  Oenothera biennis L


The roots may be used as Scorsonera, but it is cultivated in France only as a curiosity.  

It is said by Loudon  to be cultivated in Germany, and in Carniola the roots are eaten in salad.

It was once under English culture. 

A native of Northern America, it first reached Europe in 1614.

It is given by Burr  for American gardens in 1863, under the name German Rampion.

It is called,
  • in France, Oenothere bisannuelle , onagre, herbe anx anes, jambon, jambon des jardiniers, jambon de St. Antoine, lysimachie jaune, lysimachie jaune cornu, mache rouge ; 
  • in Germany, rapuntica ; 
  • in Flanders, ezelskruid ; 
  • in Italy, rapontica, rapunzia;
  • in Norway, natlys. 


 (To be continued.)

Saturday, June 25, 2016

1915 - Seedsman S. Y. Haines "Had A Clever Head"

This is a story of a man and the story of the business of selling seeds.

Since I remembered the mystery of Mr. S. Y. Haines and Charlotte Lippencott when I found this seed packet image in my filesI went back and looked around for more information about Mr. Haines .   

When I Googled him, up popped this obit from The American Florist, March 6, 1915,  which somehow had remained hidden the first time around!

Charlotte was Mr. Haines' s second wife, and he started this business with her as the front.  Her husband played the "grown by a woman" card when setting up the Miss Lippincott business, too.   

The new mystery is who continued the business after Mr. Haines's death as Charlotte predeceased him by two years. There was a 9 year old daughter named Ruth.    In 1932 she would have been 26 years old...had the business been kept going with her as the owner and someone as the CEO?

If you haven't seen the posts leading up to this unraveling of the influence and career of Mr. Haines, you may enjoy checking out these posts.



Mr. Haines had a clever head and eye for designing horticultural advertising as well as a facile pen for trade pulling descriptions. Not all of his schemes were winners, but he was very prolific with suggestions and supplied such a wide range of sketches of more than average quality that a keen sighted employer might always find some promising ideas. 
OBITUARY.
Samuel Y. Haines.



Samuel Y. Haines, well known in the seed trade, died at Rockford, Ill., February 27, age 63 years. Mr. Haines had been suffering somewhat from rheumatism, but was at his desk as usual up to the previous evening. Myocarditis was given as the cause of death. 

Mr. Haines was a native of Tennessee and for the past seven years was identified with the advertising department of H. W. Buckbee, Rockford, Ill.. 

During the early eighties he started in the seed business in Philadelphia under the name of S. Y. Haines & Co. This venture, however, proved unsuccessful, and in 1882 he entered the service of W. Atlee Burpee, of that city, remaining about five years. 

Northrup, Braslin, Goodwin & Co



He then re-established the firm of S. Y. Haines & Company, having as a partner Harry Faust, a son of David Faust, who was for years president of the Union National bank, and this venture also proved unsuccessful, in fact, only lasting a few months, and the concern was succeeded by I. V. Faust, who was Mr. Faust's sister, Mr. Haines withdrawing. 








He then took a position with Northrup, Braslin, Goodwin & Co., Minneapolis, Minn., and was later with Vaughan's Seed Store, New York.    


Mr. Haines then established a mail order business under the name of his sister-in-law, Miss C. H. Lippincott, at Minneapolis, Minn., building up a flourishing trade in flower and vegetable seeds.  (The Miss C. H. Lippincott's business showed up in 1894.)



After this firm dissolved he again started business on his own account under the name of his second wife, Charlotte M.Haines, at Minneapolis, and this was continued through recent years in conjunction with his advertising work. 




Previous to entering the establishment of H. W. Buckbee he was two years in charge of the catalogue department of L. L. May & Co., St. Paul, Minn.

This is a ballsy design for the times...>

He was always optimistic and cheerful, bearing his occasional reverses with a brave spirit. When in funds he was the true southern gentleman in liberality.

Mrs. Haines died about two years ago, and one daughter, Ruth, about nine years of age, survives.   H. W. Buckbee and other friends accompanied the remains to Rives Junction. Mich., where the funeral was held March 2, with interment in the family lot.
.

________________________

To be continued... if I can find out who continued his business after his death. 

Thursday, June 23, 2016

1889 Tease: Hang on, Northerners, They Are Coming!!!

The cool spring, and now summer, here in New England has slowed gardens down.  Big, ripe tomatoes and ripe melons are still far in the future.  

So when I saw this illustration from Vick's Floral Guide the image resonated with my dreams.

Then I had to know more about that melon with the Native American name... Irondequoit.


"Irondequoit aptly means “where the land and waters meet” for the town is bordered by Lake Ontario, the Genesee River, Irondequoit Bay, the 1000-acre Durand-Eastman Park, and the City of Rochester."
http://www.irondequoit.org/about
"...known as the garden spot of western New York, famed for its peaches, superb melons, and vineyards on the slopes of Irondequoit Bay, truck farms that produced celery, tomatoes, cucumbers, asparagus and numerous other vegetables. "
http://www.irondequoit.org/about/history-of-irondequoit

Wednesday, June 22, 2016

1887 - Costmary to Earth-nut - Part 8 of Sturtevant's HISTORY OF GARDEN VEGETABLES










OK, hang on...I'm switching to presenting a hybrid of Sturtevant's  History of Garden Vegetables AND his Notes on Edible Plants.  I started with this series of serialized chapters first published in January, 1887 in the American Naturalist because it was agreeably broken into chunks already, and I was only interested in vegies.   Sturtevant's Notes contains more interesting details occasionally when it covers the same vegetables...so I'm going to add them.    While not radically different, His. of Veg. is more of an outline for a more finished book, and Edible fills in some fun facts (and leaves out the ten mile long "in such and such place it is called...".  I've grown to enjoy those  lists - almost.
I realized we (as in you and me) were missing out when I was looking for some illustration from the 19th century or earlier to illustrate Jacque Cartier's mention of cucumbers in North America.  
When I add a paragraph or so from Notes to replace a more sparse description from History, I will use this color. 

1887

HISTORY OF GARDEN VEGETABLES. (with additions)
BY E. LEWIS STURTEVANT, A.M., M.D.
 (Continued from page 833.) 
https://archive.org/details/jstor-2451478

Don't forget...the footnotes have been removed here, so you can go to the above link for them if interested.  There is a text format there if you need to copy/paste for searches.

Costmary. Balsamita vulgaris Willd.
 THIS plant, says Bryant,  was formerly cultivated in gardens for the purpose of mixing with salads, and it is a pity it is not continued, as from its sensible qualities it seems superior to many aromatic plants now in credit. In England, then, it had gone out of culture in 1783.

In France, however, its leaves are quite frequently used as a condiment.  It is a plant of very minor importance even in France. It occurs also in the gardens of Constantinople.  In the United States it is recorded by Burr in 1863, who mentions one variety.

The name alecost came from its former use in flavoring ales and beers.



1620 - Bessler, Basilius, Hortus Eystettensis









In reality, other herbs were for a long period employed to impart to malt liquor a bitter or aromatic taste, as Ground Ivy (Nepeta Glechoma Benth.) anciently called Ale-hoof or Gill; Alecost (Balsamita vulgaris L.); Sweet Gale (Myrica Gale L.); and Sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Even Long Pepper and Bay Berries were used for the same purpose, but in addition to hops. 

1874 - Pharmacographia; a History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in Great Britain and British India


Alecost, or Costmary, is called,
  • in France, baume-coq, cog des jardins, grand baume, herbe au coq, herbe de Sainte-Marie, menthe-coq, menthe á bouquets, menthe grecque, menthe Notre-Dame ; 
  • in Denmark, balsam ;
  • in Germany, die frauenmunze ; 
  • in Dutch, tuinbalsam ; 
  • in Italy, costo-ortense ; 
  • in Spain, heirva de Santa;
  •  in Portugal, balsamita; 
  • in Sweden, svensk salvia ;
  • in Arabic, belsaneh, melsaneh ;
  • by the Greeks at Constantinople, kosta. 
 It is the Mentha hortensis corymbifera of Bauhin's " Pinax," 226.


Cress. Lepidium sativum L.

De Candolle  inclines to believe this plant to be a native of Persia, whence it may have spread into the gardens of India, Syria, Greece, and Egypt, and even as far as Abyssinia. It is said by Xenophon, about 400 B.C., to have been eaten by the Persians before becoming acquainted with bread;  and Pliny, in the first century, speaks of the nasturtium as growing in Arabia, of a remarkable size.
It finds frequent mention in the Greek  and Latin authors.

It is named by Turner, which indicates its presence in England in 1538, and in three of its varieties was in American gardens in 1806.

 Four varieties are now under culture, — the common, the curled and extra-curled, the broad-leaved, and the golden.
 The synonymy of these various types is as below, it being premised that the modern varieties vary somewhat in degree only:


I. 

Nasturtium hortense. Fuch., 1542, 362;


Trag., 1552, 82; Pin., 1561, 221 ; Ger., 1597, 194; Dod., 1616, 711.
Gartenkress. Roszlin, 1550, 188.
Nasturtium. Matth., 1558, 280; Lob. Obs., 1576, 107; Cam., Epit, 1586, 335 ; Matth., Op., 1598, 425 ; Chabr., 1677, 289.
Nasturtio. Pictorius ed. Macer, 1581, 75.
Nasturtium Hortense commune. Bauh., Phytopin., 1596, 161.
Nasturtium hortense vulgatum. Bauh., Pin., 1623, 103.
Nasturtium vulgare. J. Bauh., 165 1, ii. 912.
Common Garden Cress. Ray, 1686, 825; Vil., 1885, 207.
Garden Cress. Townsend, 1726.
Lepidium sativum. Lin., Sp., 1763, 899.
Common Cress. Stevenson, 1765 ; Bryant, 1783, 103; Miller's Diet., 1807.
Common Small-Leaved. Mawe, 1778.
Cresson alenois commun. Vil., 1883, 194.
This is it, this illustration from Fuchs, L., New Kreüterbuch, t. 204 (1543)

II. 

Nasturtium hortense crispum. Bauh., Phytopin., 1596, 161; Pin., 1623, 104.

Nasturtium hortense L. Ger., 1597, 194.
Nasturtium crispum latifolium. Matth., Op., 1598, 425.
Nasturtium crispum augustifolium. Matth., Op., 1598, 426.
Nasturtium crispum Joh. Bauhin. J. Bauh., 1651, ii. 913.
Nasturtium hortense crispum latifolium. Bauh., Prod., 1671, 44.
Nasturtium hortense crispum angustifolium. Bauh., Prod., 1671, 43-
Nasturtium crispum. Chabr., 1677, 289.
Curled Cress. Ray, 1686, 825; Townsend, 1726; Stevenson, 1765, 34; Bryant, 1783, 103; McMahon, 1806; Mill. Diet, 1807.
Lepidium sativum crispum. Lin., Sp., 1763, 899.
Cresson frise. L'Hort. Fran., 1824; Petit. Diet., 1826.
Cresson alenois frise. Vil., 1883, 195.
Curled, or Normandy, and Extra-Curled Dwarf. Vil., 1885, 207.


III. 

Nasturtium. Cam., Epit, 1586, 335.

Nasturtium hortense latifolium. Bauh., Phytopin., 1596, 160; Pin., 1623, 103.
Nasturtium latifolium dioscorideum. J. Bauh., 165 1, ii. 913.
Nasturtium latifolium. Chabr., 1677, 289.
Broad-Leaved Garden Cress. Ray, 1686, 825 ; Vil., 1885, 207.
Broad-Leaved. Townsend, 1726; Stevenson, 1765,34; Mawe, 1778; McMahon, 1806; Mill. Diet, 1807.
Lepidium latifolium. Lin., Sp., 1763, 899.
Cresson a large feidlles. L'Hort Fran., 1824; Petit, 1826.
Cresson alenois a large feidlle. Vil., 1883, 195.


 IV. 

Cresson dore. Petit, 1826 ; Noisette,  1829. Golden. Hort. Trans., 1826, vi. 583; Burr, 1863, 343; Vil., 1885, 208.

Cresson alenois dore. Vil., 1883, 195.

 It appears as if the types of the modern varieties have not changed through culture, as three are quite ancient, and the fourth but an ordinary variation, or of a pale yellowish-green color. The curled cress seems to have been first observed by J. Bauhin, who furnished his brother, C. Bauhin, with seed pre- ceding 1596.

The cress, gardyn cress, or pepper-grass, is called,
  •  in France, cresson alenois, passerage cultivee, nasitor ; 
  • in Germany, garten- kresse ; 
  • in Flanders, hofkers ;
  •  in Holland, tuinkers ; 
  • in Denmark, havekarse ; 
  • in Italy, agretto, crescione inglese, cerconcello ;
  •  in Spain, mastuerzo, malpica; 
  • in Portugal, mastruco; 
  • in Arabia, half;* in Arabic, res/iad;
  • in Bengali, aleverie, haleem;
  • in Hindustani, ckunsee;
  • in India, halim, or chanstir ;
  • in Persian, turehtezuk 
  • in Sindh, ahreo ; in Telegu, adala vitala?


 Cuckoo-Flower. Cardamine pratensis L.

 An insignificant and nearly worthless salad plant, native to the whole of Europe, Northern Asia, and Arctic America, extending to Vermont and Wisconsin.

It has a piquant savor, and is used as water-cress. It is recorded as cultivated in the  vegetable-garden in France by Noisette  in 1829, and by Vilmorin  in 1883, yet, as Decaisne and Naudin  remark, but rarely.
Cardamine pratensis L.Fuchs, L., New Kreuterbuch  (1543)

I find no record of its cultivation in England, but in America it is described by Burr  in four varieties, differing in the flowers, and as having become naturalized to a limited extent, — a fact which implies a certain cultivation. Its seed does not appear in our seed-catalogues.

 The Cuckoo-Flower, or Lady's Smock, is called,
in France, cresson des pres, cresson elegant, cressonnette, passerage sauvage ;
in Germany, tviesen kresse ;
in Spain, berros de prado?

Cucumber. Cucumis sativus L.

 The cucumber, under the form Cucumis hardwickii Royle, is found growing wild in the Himalaya region, and a variety (sikkimensis Hook) is cultivated in Nepal and Sikkim.  Its origin is therefore ascribed to the East Indies.
Merian, M., Der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft, t. 291 (1646)

 It has been a plant of cultivation from the most remote times, but De Candolle  finds no support for the common belief of its presence in ancient Egypt at the time of the Israelite migration into the wilderness, although its culture in Western Asia is indicated from philological data as more than three thousand years old.

The cucumber is said to have been brought into China from the West 140-86 B.C.,  and can be identified in a Chinese work on agriculture of the fifth century, and is described by Chinese authors of 1590 and 1640.
Chinese ink and watercolour on paper; signed Qi Baishi (1864-1957)

Cucumbers were known to the ancient Greeks  and to the Romans, and Pliny  even mentions their forced culture. They find mention in the middle ages, and in the botanies from Ruellius (1536) onward.
Rheede to Drakenstein, HA, Hortus Indicus Malabaricus, (1688)
The cucumber is believed to be the sikushemeros of Dioscorides, and the sikuos of Theophrastus. Pliny says cucumbers were much grown in Africa as well as in Italy in his time, and that the Emperor Tiberius had cucumbers at his table every day in the year. We find reference to them in France in the ninth century, for Charlemagne ordered cucumbers to be planted on his estate. 

In Gough's  British Topography, cucumbers are stated to have been common in England in the time of Edward III, 1327, but during the wars of the houses of York and Lancaster, their cultivation was neglected, the plant was lost, and they were reintroduced only in 1573. In 1629, Parkinson  says "in many countries they use to eate coccumbers as wee doe apples or Peares," and they are thus eaten and relished at the present day in southern Russia and in Japan.

In America they are almost coeval with the discovery, as the companions of Columbus were growing them in their gardens at Hayti in 1494.  1535, Cartier  mentions "very great cucumbers" cultivated by the Indians about Hochelaga, now Montreal. In 1539, De Soto  found in Florida at Apalache " cucumbers better than those of Spain" and also at other villages, and, in 1562, Ribault13 mentions them as cultivated by the Florida Indians. According to Capt. John Smith,14 Captains Amidos and Barlow mention cucumbers in Virginia in 1584 and they are mentioned as being cultivated there in 1609.15 Cucumberswere among the Indian vegetables destroyed by General Sullivan in 1779 16 in the Indian fields about Kashong, near the present Geneva, N. Y. At the Bermudas, "cowcumbers" were planted in 1609.x In Massachusetts, they are mentioned in 1629 by Rev. Francis Higginson;  William Wood  mentions them in his New England's Prospects, 1629-33. In Brazil, cucumbers were seen by Nieuhoff  in 1647 and by Father Angelo  in 1666.


There are a great number of varieties varying from the small gherkin to the mammoth English varieties which attain a length of twenty inches or more. The cultivated gherkin is a variety used exclusively for pickling and was in American gardens in 1806. At Unyanyembe, Central Africa, and other places where the cucumber grows almost wild, says Burton,6 the Arabs derive from its seed an admirable salad oil, which in flavor equals and perhaps surpasses the finest produce of the olive. Vilmorin in Les Plantes Potageres,1883, describes 30 varieties. Most, if not all, of these as well as others including 59 different names have been grown on the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station. While some of the varieties grown differ but little, yet there are many kinds which are extraordinarily distinct.

 In pursuing my plan of treating of the origin of the types of varieties I recognize the difficulty of a very complete treatment, through my little knowledge of the wild forms, and of the species from a botanist's point of view. The following attempt, however, may be considered reliable as far as it goes: The types of our common cucumbers are fairly well figured in the ancient botanies, but the fruit is far inferior in appearance to those we grow to-day, being apparently more rugged and less symmetrical. 


The following synonymy is established from the figures and descriptions :

I.
  • Cucumis sativus vulgaris. Fuchs (See illus. below, a book) 697. 1542.
  • Cucumis sativus. Roeszl. 116. 1550; Cam. Epit. 294. 1586.
  • Cucumis. Trag. 831. 1552; Fischer 1646.
  • Cucumis vulgaris. Get. 762, 1597; Chabr. 134. 1677.
  • Concombre. Tourn. t. 32. 1719.
  • Short Green. Park. Par. 1629.
  • Short Green Prickly. Mawe 1778; Mill. Diet. 1807.
  • Early Green Cluster. Mill. Diet. 1807.
  • Green Cluster. Thorburn 1828.
  • Early Cluster of American seedsmen.
Thorburn catalog; More about Thorburn.




II.
A second form, very near to the above, but longer, less rounding, and more prickly, has a synonymy as below :
  • Cucumeres. Matth. 282. 1558.
  • Cucumis sativus. Dalechamp 1:62c 1587.
  • Cucumeres sativi and esculenti Lob. Icon. 1:638. 1591.
  • Cucumis vulgaris Dod. 662. 1616.
  • Ccdruolo. Dur. C. 103. 1617.
  • Cucumis vulgaris, viridis, and albis. Bauh. J. 2:246. 1651. 
  • Long Green Prickly. Mill. Diet. 1807. 
  • Early Frame. Thorb. Cat. 1828 and 1886.
  • 1782 - Mawe



Fuchs, L., New Kreuterbuch t. 398 (1543)




III.
The third form is the smooth and medium-long cucumbers, which, while they have quite a. diversity of size, yet have a common shape and smoothness.
Such are:
  • Cucumer sativus. Pin. 192. 1561.
  • Concombre. Tourn. t. 32. 1719.
  • Large Smooth Green Roman. Mawe, 1778; Mill. Diet. 1807.
  • Long Smooth Green Turkey. Mawe 1778; Mill. Diet. 1807.
  • Long Green Turkey. Thorb. Cat. 1828.
  • Turkey Long Green or Long Green. Landreth. 1885.
  • Greek, or Athenian. Vilm. 1885.

IV.

The fourth form includes those known as English, and are distinct, from their excessive length, smoothness, and freedom from seeds, although in a botanical classification they would be united with the preceding (from which they have, doubtless, originated). They, are usually quite free from spines, often smooth, and, as grown, are very straight.

My synonymy for these would scarcely be justified had I not observed the tendency of the fruit to curve under conditions of ordinary culture :

  • Cucumis longus. Cam. Epit. 295. 1586.
  • Cucumis longus eidem. Baugh. J. 2:248. 1651.
  • Green Turkey Cucumber. Bryant 267. 1783.
  • Long Green English varieties. Vilm. 163. 1883.

V.
The Bonneuil Large White Cucumber, grown largely about Paris for the use of perfumers,

(I didn't know that!  Did you?) is quite distinct from all other varieties, the fruit being ovoid, perceptibly flattened from end to end in three or four places, thus producing an angular appearance. We may suspect that Gerarde figured this type in his Cucumber, which came from Spain into Germany, as his figure bears a striking resemblance in the form of the fruit and in the leaf:



  • Cucumis ex Hispanico semine natus. Ger. 764. 1597.
  • Cucumis sativus major. Bauh. Pin. 310. 1623. (excl. Fuch.)
  • Bonneuil Large White. Vilm. 222. 1885.
  • White Dutch. A. Blanc. No. 6133.
VI.
The other types of known cucumbers are those which have lately appeared under the name of Russian. I know nothing of their history. They are very distinct, and resemble a melon more than a cucumber, — at least in external appearance :
1. The Early Russian, small, oval, and smooth.
2. The Russian Gherkin, obovate, and ribbed like a melon.
3. The Russian Netted, oval, and densely covered with a fine net-work.

The appearance of these new types indicates that we have by no means exhausted the capabilities of this species. The Turkie cucumber of Gerarde is not now to be recognized under culture, nor are the Cucumer minor pyriformis of Gerarde and of J. Bauhin, the Cucumis pyriformis of C. Bauhin's " Phytopinax," 1596.

If the synonymy be closely examined it will be noted that some of the figures represent cucumbers as highly improved as at the present day. The Cucumis longus of J. Bauhin is figured as if equalling our longest and best English forms; the concombre of Tournefort is also a highly improved form, as is also the cucumeres of Matthiolus in 1558.

The cucumber is called,
  • in France, concombre, cocombre (cocomber by Ruellius, 1536);
  • in Germany, garke, ku hummer ; 
  • in Flanders and Holland, komkommer ; 
  • in Denmark, agurken ; 
  • in Italy, cetriolo, cedriuolo ; 
  • in Spain, cohombro, pepino; 
  • in Portugal, pepino
 It was called coivcumber by Ray in England in 1686.
Called,
  • in Greece, aggouria ; 
  • in Slavonic, krastavak ;
  • in Estha- nian, ukkurits, tig gurits or urits;
  • in Polish, ogorek ; 
  • in Bo- hemian, agurha; 3
  • in Tartar, kiar ;
  • in Calmuc, chaja ; 
  • in Ar- menian, karan ; 
  • in Russian, ogurzi;
  • in Egypt, khyar? fakus ;
  • in Arabic, kusud ; 
  • in Bengali, susha$ sasha, khyira, kankur;
  • in Ceylon, rata-kcekeri, pipingya ; 
  • in Hindustani, keera? khira or kakri ; 
  • in Persian, kyar ; 3 in Sanscrit, sookasa ;
  •  in Tamil, mooloo- velleri;
  •  in Japan, akwa, karas uri, ki tiri.


 The cultivated cucumber was the sikus hemeros of Dioscorides, the sikuos of Theophrastus. The Cucumis flexuosus L. is occasionally sold by our seedsmen to be grown as a curiosity, but it may be used for pickling. This plant was known to the herbalists, and its figures compare with those of our modern seedsmen, as, for instance :

  • Cucumis longus. Lugd., 1587, i. 621.
  • Green Serpent. Dammon Cat, 1884-85.
  • Concombre Serpent. Vilmorin, 1883, 166.

The fruit is characterized by its striae, which render it at once recognizable. In Japan it is called sjo kwa, awo uri.





 Cumin. Cuminum cyminum L.

1881 -Vick's

A small annual plant indigenous to the upper regions of the Nile, but carried at an early period by cultivation to Arabia, India, and China, as well as to the countries bordering on the Mediterranean.

 It is referred to by the prophet Isaiah,  and is mentioned in Matthew.  Pliny calls it the best appetizer of all the condiments, says the Ethiopian and the African are of superior quality, but that some prefer the Egyptian.

During the middle ages Cumin was one of the species in most common use, and is mentioned in Normandy in 716, in England between 1264 and 1400, and is enumerated in 1419 among the merchandise taxed in the city of London. 

It is mentioned in many of the herbals of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and is recorded as under cultivation in England in 1594.  In India the seeds form an ingredient of some curry powders and pickles,  and in France yet find use in cookery.

 The seed is occasionally advertised in American seed-catalogues,  but is probably very rarely grown.  (Vick's Cat., 1884)

Cumin is named, 

  • in France, Cumin de Malte ; 
  • in Germany, pfeffer-kummel ; 
  • in Holland, komijn ; 
  • in Italy, comino di Malta ; 
  • in Spain, comino ; s in Greece, kumino ; 
  • in Egypt, kammoun ;
  •  in Egyptian, thapeh, or tapen, or tapn ;
  • in Arabic, kimoon; 
  • in Bengali, jeera, or zira ; 
  • in Ceylon, dooroo ; 
  • in Hindustani, jeera, zira; 
  • in Malay, jintan; 
  • in Sanscrit, jeruka ajaji;
  •  in Tamil, siragum ; 
  • in Telegu, gilakara.





Dandelion. Taraxacum officinale Weber; T. dens leonis Desf.
Redouté illustration for La botanique de J.J. Rousseau, t. 35 (1805)


The dandelion is a modern introduction to our gardens, and all the varieties now grown can be recognized in a state of nature ; and yet, on account of its popularity, and hence the forced conditions of its growth, the variations, to the careless observer, seem very great. 

The history of the improved dandelion may be found in full in the American Naturalist of January, 1886. 

The beginnings of the culture of a plant must, however, be very gradual, single individuals often growing the species in gardens long before the plant receives general appreciation.

 Thus with the dandelion, although its culture cannot be fairly said to antedate 1836, yet Stevenson, in his "Garden Kalendar" for 1765, in England, although not directly mentioning its culture, yet implies culture by giving directions for the blanching.

 In China, according to Bretschneider,  the leaves are recorded as being eaten as a vegetable in the fourteenth century, and the plant is classed among vegetables by Li-shi-chen, a writer of the sixteenth century; but from the data given we cannot assume cultivation.



Dill. Anethum graveolens L.
Flora Danica [G.C. Oeder et al],  (1761-1883)


This aromatic plant has but little use in the garden. 

In France the seeds are used as a condiment, and for pickling with cucumbers.

 In American gardens it is rather to be considered as a medicinal herb. 

It is commonly regarded as the anethon of Dioscorides and the anethum of Pliny, Palladius, and others. The name dill is found in writings of the middle ages, and it is spoken of as a garden plant in the early botanies. 

The variety A. soma De C. is largely grown in India. In England it was called dyll by Turner  in 1538, which implies its presence at that date. It also occurs in the vocabulary of Alfric, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the tenth century. 

 It was in American gardens before 1806,  and seems to occur spontaneous in the far West, as its roots are used as a food by the Snake and Shoshone Indians, by whom it is called
 yampeh.

 Dill, or dyll, is called,
  • in France, aneth, fenouil batard ; 
  • in Germany, dill; 
  • in Flanders, dille ; 
  • in Denmark, dild; 
  • in Italy, aneto ; 
  • in Spain, eneldo y  
  • in Arabic, the plant chebet, the seed chamar;  
  • in Egypt, sjoebet ; 
  • in Yemen, sckibt;  
  • in Bengali, suloopha, soolpha ; 
  • in Ceylon, sattacooppa  
  • in Hindustani, sowa, sole, soya, shutapoospha ; 
  • in India, shutapooshna ; 
  • in Sanscrit, sitasiva, missreya, shaleya; 
  • in Tamil, saddacooppie ; 
  • in Telugu, suddapa, sompa-sopu.*

A plant now included among vegetables for the garden by Vilmorin,  although he says it is scarcely ever cultivated, but the tubers are often collected from the wild plant in France. 

Burr  likewise includes this species among American garden plants, but we know not upon what authority.

In 1783, Bryant  says this French weed was cultivated in Holland for its roots, which were carried to market; and De Candolle and Sprengel  say that in Siberia the tubers are much relished by the Tartars, and also are used in Germany. It scarcely can be considered seriously as a plant of culture. 

The earth-nut, tuberous-rooted pea, or eatable-rooted pea,  is called, 
  • in France, gesse tubereuse, anette, anotte de Bourgogne, chataigne de terre, chourles, favonette, gland de terre, macion, macusson, mitrouillet, souris de terre ; 
  • in Germany, erdnuss ; 
  • in Flanders, aardnoot ; 
  • in Holland, aardakker ; 
  • in Italy, ghianda di terra ;
  • by the Calmucks, sohnok ;
  • by the Tartars, tschina 

 (To be continued.)


1874 - Pharmacographia; a History of the Principal Drugs of Vegetable Origin, Met with in Great Britain and British India  (Hmm..I forget why I put this here...)