Sunday, May 27, 2018

1891 - Reminiscences of Mr. John Love and His Beloved Pinks

Call me an old fuddy-duddy, but I love the way this is written. I came across Mr. Love when the I learned that 19th century pansy mavin Peter Lyle was influenced by him.


This article was published in the Journal of Horticulture and Practical Gardening, Vol. 23. 
I have had fun adding the illustrations.  The only image originally with the article is a portrait of Mr. Love which I used above in a "collage".

JOHN LOVE AND HIS GARDEN.

While driving in September from Bridge of Weir to Kilbarchan (Renfrewshire) we had begun to descend the hill above the latter town, when turning our eyes to the left we saw a wonderful crop of Apples, and found that the place was called Mount Pleasant. 

The present owner most obligingly escorted us around this fruitful orchard, and we soon found that what was to be seen from the highway was but a sample of the whole stock.

Scottish orchard near Renfrewshire.
 In making inquiry we found that about sixty years since the substantial house had been built by one John Tarbet, an old soldier who had in his time been a bombardier at the taking of Martinique. He had an eye for a fine Bite anyhow, and we can fancy him, while the days were declining, looking over the beautiful country around him and thinking how he could command with his artillery any radical rising which his keen political townsmen might be tempted to undertake. He planted fruit trees instead of batteries of cannon, and after his decease the place came to a relative, Mr. Climie, who continued the garden in cultivation, and his daughter married Mr. Love, the subject of our sketch.

About the year 1840 the young couple came to reside there. With a large garden to keep in order the evening hours were spent at home. In spring time useless trees were regrafted with good bearing sorts, if possible several different kinds being put on each tree. The old Keswick Codlin, the more modern Stirling Castle, with the best of the purely local varieties as the Lochwinnoch Pippin and the Golden Leadington (a variety whose name was suggested by Dr. Hogg) were carefully inserted, and now this year are just loaded with fruit. 


Thanks to http://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/ !  The other two were not found.

A curious feature in grafting we observed, and which Mr. Love rejoices over yet, is his successful experiment of placing a Pear on a Hawthorn stock. The thorn is one of many stems, gnarled and twisted most curiously, while the Pear scion is inserted about 5 feet from the ground. To graft Plums on Thorn trees is not uncommon, but in another garden in Kilbarchan there is a Rowan Tree (Mountain Ash) with a Pear graft on it yielding even better results than this experiment at Mount Pleasant.

The Vale of Evesham was lovely!  
Here we see the old Caledonian Plum in fruit on its own roots. Some years it is so overloaded as to resemble the trees we see in the Vale of Evesham, but this is not a productive year apparently with it. In this old garden of an acre, or thereby, the trees arc thickly placed together, many now interwarped in their branches, while beneath them are Gooseberries and Currants galore.

The soil is a rich, red, vegetable mould, sloping to the south, but fully exposed to all the winds that blow. The Rose succeeds to perfection, and old-fashioned border flowers were beautiful, from the Snowdrops of January and February, till the blue autumn Crocus of September were buried beneath a whirling cover of bright October's leaves. All through the summer the busy bees of "friend John" were gathering honey from every flower and blossom, fertilizing the fruit trees, and largely adding to their production, as we all know who have fruit gardens and bees. The hives used were "the time-honoured "straw skeps of John's father and grandfather, and many a lovely "top" of pure honey our worthy friend has taken off here.'

Google Street View image on the Bridge of Weir Road.
"The Renfrewshire Bee-keeper" befriended Mr. Love, and many a hard question on their favourite subject has been discussed between them. Alas! for so many of us that he, who so well exemplified in his own life 'the grand old name of gentleman " is now gone for ever and ever, while of all who now mourn his loss John Love's sorrow for his kind friend is not the least. Not a doubt of it, for to a man of over eighty-five years new friends do not succeed quickly, and are never like the old ones. 

"The Renfrewshire Bee-keeper" was a gentleman who wrote a column for the British Bee Journal & Bee-keepers Adviser, and signed his name as such.

In a sunny space the plot is still defined where Mr. Love grew and raised his celebrated race of laced Pinks. Year after year in this spot they were grown to such perfection as to carry off the honours at all the shows round, from Glasgow to Eilbarchan. At every digging new soil was turned up, and thus the situation continued to suit his favourite flower. What grand specimens of the dark "Pirate" and "John Love," were cut here.
Every year seedlings were watched for, and the advent of a pod of promise was an event for local florists to come and see. Altogether the garden is one, for soil, situation, and association, much to be desired still. Now, however, the old veteran still keeps to the Pinks, fruits, and the bees, in a less vigorous fashion than of old in a new garden farther "doon the toon."   Hale and wiry, with eye bright and keen, active step, and toil-worn hand, we trust that he may long enjoy his garden joys.   And though "down in the valley" the long shadows of life's sunset are falling around him, and the last bees are settling home with their store, he has but to look upward and see that Mount Pleasant is glowing in the light, to have the glory of far distant summers borne in upon him.

As we go homewards up through the narrow street the people are in crowds, while the flower show is attracting all the florists of the district.  Time to gather honey, but not for themselves, so John Love's work was not for himself.  He sowed, and today we wear his seedlings in our buttonhole.  Younger men take up the love for flowers, but let them look with respect and gratitude on their horticultural ancestors into whose labours the have entered.   A. SWEET 



 
[We have also received the subjoined notes respecting Mr. Love's career.]

Every man, apart from the profession or employment by which he gains a livlihood, ought to have what is usually called a hobby.  It matters little what that hobby is, provided it is innocent, and interests his mind and draws his attention away from the anxiety and worry which belong to the daily business of life. 

Idleness, whether of body or mind, besides being morally dangerous, is not rest. It is better to have a hobby which, by giving an agreeable change of employment, will refresh and improve both body and mind without adding anything perceptibly to their exhaustion. As to the kind of hobby to be chosen everyone must consult his own taste and circumstances. It may he music, or some department of science, or literature, or floriculture, or bee-keeping. This depends very much on the taste of the individual, the nature of his daily employment, and the circumstances in which he is placed.

Floriculture and bee-keeping, two thirgs very much akin, formed the special hobby of the person of whom notice is here to be taken. John Love, the eldest son of a father bearing the same name, was born at Kilbarchan, Renfrewshire, on April 10th, 1806. So healthy has he been that during more than fourscore years he has only on one occasion required medical advice. Much of this, doubtless, is to be attributed ti the simplicity of his life, and to his regular and temperate habits. 



There he is: of medium height and agile frame; a fine head, once covered with fair hair, but now bald with the exception of a few thin white locks; mild and meditative in expression ; the bloom still on his cheek, although eighty-five years of age by next birthday; for many years a happy "Benedict," but now a widower and the father of a numerous family; a good Christian man, and for a considerable time an esteemed elder in a Presbyterian church.

Like his father, and like the inhabitants of Kilbarchan generally, John Love became in youth a handloom weaver, and diligently plied the shuttle till beyond the age of threescore and ten. But while busy at his trade during the time he resided under his father's roof, he had parts of meal hours, and frequently half or whole days, occasioned by the change of one web for another, when he could gratify his taste for flowers by cultivating them, and acquire also a knowledge of the habits and requirements of bees by watching and attending to those kept by his father—who was an enthusiastic bee-keeper, as was also his grandfather before him.


Read the article here.

In his love for flowers John Love was by no means singular amongst his fellow tradesmen, the handloom weavers of Kilbarchan having, in most cases, a garden attached to their dwelling house. 

There is found amongst them a common love for flowers, and no little skill and competition in their cultivation. This refined taste seems to be natural, and is possibly to be traced to the many exquisite patterns and fabrics on which they spend their daily labours, whereby they insensibly acquire a knowledge of the harmony of colours and a taste for the beautiful. 

Certain it is many of them are keen and successful cultivators of plants, and even very good judges of the merits of flowers which they themselves have never grown and perhaps have seldom seen.

John Love is a man of this stamp. Having by-and-by persuaded one of the other sex to cast in her lot with him as his wife, and got a house of his own, he could, now that he was his own master, follow out more freely the innocent and interesting hobby towards which his heart was drawn. He soon became acquainted with many plants, and not a few of them has he to some extent grown, such as Tulips, Pansies, Roses, Carnations, Auriculas, &c.; but his favourite flower, his piece de resistance, has ever been the Pink. 


His bed of Pinks, when in its glory, has been generally a noteworthy sight. Looking at it over his garden wall at Mount Pleasant the bed at first glance may seem somewhat strange, and almost comical—short stakes at almost every plant, holding broken bowls and plates, and glass, and other ungainly contrivances; shading and sheltering some plants from a scorching sun or possible rain, holding hack others from a too early maturity, and stimulating some to a more forward growth. 
To view beautiful pinks available now, go to the Alwoods site.  What a lovely selection! Several pinks are from the 18th and 19th centuries.    By the way, the common plant name "pinks" is not referring to the colors.  It is referencing a jagged edge to the petal and blotches, like fabric cut with pinking shears.
This photo is from Alwoods.

But turn in and inquire for the master, and ask him to show you his Pinks; and he will cordially welcome you, and gladly, probably with head uncovered, lead you out, and with affectionate pride uncover, for your delighted inspection, his choice darlings.  

Probably he will tell you, "These there are this year's seedlings. This one here I think will do; it is distinct from all others in the bed, and has qualities equal at least to any one of them.  Here are also two or three which are very good, but before deciding what to do with them I must grow them another year.  As for these other seedlings, they are below the mark and without promise, and must be cast out. 

These tallied ones are the named Pinks.  This one—' Black-eyed Susan '—is not a very large flower, but it is distinct, well laced, and pretty, and tells well in a stand, &c." Before leaving him it is not unlikely he will say to you, "If you grow Pinks I'll give you, if I can spare it, a little grass of any one of them for pipings" -  for John Love is a generous man, and likes to encourage others in the cultivation of his favourite flower.



1843 - Gardening for Ladies: And Companion
 to the Flower-garden By Mrs. Jane Loudon
John Love's Pink stands at a competitive exhibition are worthy of remark. Each flower is so neatly fixed in the centre of a circular piece of white paper a little larger than itself, and the petals so deftly spread as to show to the best advantage the build, and markings, and lacings of the flower; and they are all so arranged on the stand, according to size and colour, as to present collectively to the eye a lovely and effective picture. 


Besides, after the judges have done their work you will commonly find attached to the stand a ticket, bearing in conspicuous print "first prize," and underneath this, in legible penmanship, "John Love, Kilbarchan."   This has been repeated so frequently as to earn for him the soubriquet of "Scottish Pink Champion". John Love's favour for the Pink has been a life-long one. It was cherished by him till his age extended beyond the threescore years and ten. It continued to be cherished by him even practically during his subsequent residence in Paisley for six years, and in Rothesay for five years more; and when, at the end of these eleven years, he returned to his native town happily there was attached to the premises in which he took up his abode an excellent garden, where he has given, and is still giving, abundant evidence that his love for his favourite flower has neither been extinguished or lessened by age nor superseded by a newer favourite, but is as enthusiastic as ever. 

His life now extends beyond the half of its ninth decade, but he still appears so strong, Fo active, so healthy, so cheerful, so much in the possession of every faculty with the exception of hearing (whose gates are not now wide open) that he bids fair to see, if not the completion, at least the beginning of bis tenth decade.

It may be added that during all his long and active life John Love has been conversant, theoretically and practically, with bee-keeping; but as the present writer is not very well acquainted with the plans and processes he followed in this kindred hobby he leaves it to some other, who is abundantly competent to write on the subject with intelligence and authority.


Source



Saturday, May 26, 2018

1891 - Mr. Love's Long Life With Bees




This article from the British Bee Journal & Bee-keepers Adviser celebrates the good man, John Love, as a beekeeper. I have been getting an article about him as a famous grower of pinks when I got lured away by bee. Pinks are coming!   I have added illustrations when I was curious to know about something (if I could find any).  I would have liked Mr. Love as a neighbor.


OUR PROMINENT BEE-KEEPERS.


No. 30—MR. JOHN LOVE.

We have much pleasure in giving this week the portrait and a biographical sketch of the veteran bee-keeper, Mr. John Love.  Born in the village of Kilbarchan, Renfrewshire, on 10th April, 1806, bred a hand-loom weaver, as were his father and grandfather, three Johns in line, he maybe said to have been a born beekeeper, as he remembers a saying of his father's -that in the old garden the hum of the bee had been heard without a break for sixty years. 


Of middle height, fair complexion, with high colour, the fringe of pretty, fair, silky hair below his wide-awake behind, this 'yellow-haired laddie' of eighty-five summers is frequently taken by the stranger as wearing on to seventy.
If the sentence above made you read it twice, be it known that "The wide-awake, a broad-brimmed felt hat with a lowish crown, was a countryman's hat". (I thank the source!  I remember acutely doing research in pre-computer days. I think the magic of the web will never dull for me.☺

Still remarkably nimble and fleet of foot, of a very amiable disposition, his laugh is as nappy and jubilant now as I believe it to have been when, a boy of nine, he remembers listening to accounts read from the papers of the glorious victory of Waterloo.   For many years an exemplary Presbyterian elder, growing deafness (his only infirmity) prevents him now from performing all the duties of the office.   So healthy has he been that only once during his
long life, for a fever, has he required medical advice.   He married, 12th August, 1833, Mary Climie, daughter of a weaver's agent in his own village, and has been blessed by a numerous offspring.

A few years after his marriage the subject of our sketch moved to Mount Pleasant, beautifully situated on rising ground above the village, and occupied jointly with his brother-in-law, the upper flat as their dwelling  house — workshops below, a good garden behind. 

The passer-by could not but be attracted by the bee-house, a neat model of a two-storied dwelling-house, complete to the sweep on the chimney.  The numerous odd hives of the two dwellings were cosily placed in sheltered nooks under the many crafted fruit-trees. The floral display of roses, herbaceous plants, &c. was very fine but in their season the bed of pinks was the great attraction. 

Mr. Love for many years was the acknowledged Scottish champion 'pink' grower. Upstairs his stuffed specimens of natural history reflected great credit on our friend's taste and neathandedness in another direction. 

It has been recorded in these pages long ago, when the Italian bee was newly imported, how a petition was couched in respectable verse from the Kilbarchan fraternity for leave to inspect the new bee: the writer of it was Mr. Robert Climie, Mr. Love's brother-in-law. 
Alas! that deputation has all passed away save Mr. Love.  

Curious how the poetic vein descends, coming out in the children and grandchildren of Mr. Love.  Robert Climie's end, some twenty years ago, was very affecting.  He was invited over to a neighbouring village to examine the bees of a married daughter of Mr. Love.  A non-smoker himself, he administered a whiff of the pipe, said to his niece he felt sick, and would never touch that vile pipe again, retiring to an inner room, where she in a little while found him kneeling by the sofa in prayer, in which posture his gentle spirit passed away.  The funeral was largely attended, service in the open air, a beautiful spring day, the woods of Glentyan across the strath, and the village nestling in the hollow, bees out in force—very touching to beekeepers present to see his little favourites hover over the pall and odd ones resting on it, as if taking a long farewell of the old master ere his remains were borne away.

Time brings its changes, the kindly old Laird dies, the estate is sold, and Mr. Love after an occupancy of thirty-eight years has to move his looms into the smoky atmosphere of the town of Paisley, where he and an unmarried daughter bravely struggle on, plying their shuttles side by side.  In the interim, first the partner of his joys and sorrows, then his youngest and fairest flower, droop and die.  Gladly he accepts an offer to take charge of a cottage and pony, grow and dispose of a large fruit-garden crop in the island of Bute.  Rarely do we find a man at seventy-six so cheerily abandon his life-work, and begin to earn his bread by his hobby.




In the autumn of that year, 1881, the writer sailed to Bute and made the acquaintance of that steep ascent, the serpentine road, resting to gaze on the beauty of the grand prospect: Rothesay Bay at our feet, Joward Castle on the opposite shore, the glassy smoothness of the far reaches of the Kyles of Bute in the rugged distance.


The hill-top is at last gained; there, bareheaded as usual, busy among his strawberries, stands our hero. The joy at meeting!  'Why, John, you look like an old eagle perched on this hill-top!'  The bees and honey prospects are discussed, and the tremendous crop on his gifted young Caledonian plum-trees presented by John; a branch promised and hamper followed. 


By return of post the hit-off thanks :—



"Through wind and rain your basket came
     In safety—it is here.
'Twas careful hands that packed it
    With its richly-laden store.
 
I never can repay you,    But I thank you o'er and o'er, For there are deeds of friendship    Words may not all impart,Their sterling worth, as deep they sink   Into our inmost heart. 
Then, once again I thank you    From here, my mountain home,And, one and all, I wish you joy   In the year that is to come.'
The Stewarton: The Hive for the
busy man




I gave him an introduction to my good friend Miss Macdonell, of Glengarry, and he assisted her with her bees, and that lady, in the kindest manner possible, presented him with a couple of swarms, and he was once more into stock, whose descendants he still carefully preserves.  

The above lady takes an enthusiastic interest in the bee and the silkworm.  


A handsome mahogany rotating observatory ornaments her drawing room, and the supers from her gigantic Stewartons overtopped everything at the Rothesay Exhibition. 


She also takes a warm interest in the cause of religion and education, in maintaining the purity of worship in the National Church;  is thoroughly practical, projected and supports an Initiatory School where poor boys are taught the ground-work of religion, besides the ability to sew on buttons or patches on their jackets.   


detail; source



At the School Board she has sat for nearly six years, the only lady, and heroically defends her position with as much determination as did her illustrious uncle the gates of Hougoumont at Waterloo.



Three verses are extracted from a letter or Mr. Love's on another occasion:—

'I will whisper my tale to the Yule-log   As I muse in its ruddy glow,As here again comes Christmas,   With its holly and mistletoe.
                                *****
'Tes! that is the tale I whisper,
   As I muse in the firelight glow,
As I sit, in the hush of the evening.
  And think on long ago; 
'On the happy home of my childhood,   On the friends I held so dear:
One by one they have left us,
   They are no longer here.'
                                  *****   

After a five years' residence in Bute he came back to Kilbarchan, and the bees and pinks are safely flitted to his present garden.  After the labours of the week are over, it is a much 
anticipated pleasure on the Saturday half-holiday, skimming over the four miles that part our dwellings.  The newest ideas in bee-keeping are discussed, the last bed of pinks planted by himself seen to, and the latest-come herbaceous plant criticized; and if in autumn the fruit-crop is peculiarly interesting — those 'Bouquet trees, the waxy purity of the white 'celestial' apple flanked on either side, same tree, by branches of the scarlet or striped varieties successively.  
He often ejaculates,  "It bates a!"  
How comes such heavy crops? Your good grafting and the fertilizing powers of our little friends, the bees?   "Nae doot, nae doot!"

One fine Saturday afternoon autumn was a twelvemonth, we were favoured by a visit from 'Our Editor,' pointing out to him how  "history repeats itself", our old Japanese lion, worshipped for 3000 years, had been peopled that season by a colony of humble-bees as Samson's was, the subject of our sketch arrived  and the pleasure of that introduction he will never forget.

Sunday, May 20, 2018

1895 - Ki-ote Seed & Nursery Company


















This was an interesting cover from the

 Ki-ote Seed & Nursery Company. 

I live near Wethersfield, Connecticut, home of the famous Wethersfield onions.  To find them featured in a South Dakota seed catalog was unexpected.
Don't ask why, but it was, and it got my attention.

 I'll look around and see what I can find out about the Ki-ote company. 




They Better Taste Good!...

Haven't seen pollinators.  I was hoping my bees would like them.
Four years ago I was amused by the story of the Wonderberry, and posted Vials of Contempt - The Wonderberry Story.   

Then, last fall, I bought the seeds for Schwartzenbeeren from Baker's Heirloom Seeds, completely forgetting what I had written years ago.    

This is the stage mine are at today.
It was quite the surprise to have my old post come up when I was looking for info on the Schwartzenbeeren! (Also know as Schwartzbeeren, blaubeeren.)


I find I did not buy the Burbank's improved Solanum nigrum which was named the Wonderberry, just the historical favorite
brought to the United States by the Volga Germans.

What I was looking for was recipes, however, not history this time.  The plants look very eager to inundate me with little berries.

The plants in their pots are already covered with flowers and the start of berries so I planted many of them yesterday.  Maybe too early, given the weather report of 49º at night, but they had been hardened off so out they went!  (It also opened up room in the cold frame for the next batch of plants.)

NEXT DAY:  It's hot outside.  The plants are well watered by the rainstorm. They are very happy.  

I wonder how long before the first ripe berries???!!!




This recipe is from a PDF available from the North Dakota State University - Libraries.
Schwartzbeeren Cream Pie 

1 unbaked 9-inch pie shell 
3 cups Schwartzbeeren 
1 Tbsp. flour 
1/2 cup cream 
3 egg yolks, slightly beaten 
a pinch of salt 
3/4 to 1 cup sugar 

Meringue (recipe follows) 
_____________________________________
Preheat the oven to 400º F. 

Place the Schwartzbeeren in the pie shell. 

In a bowl, blend the flour with a little of the cream until smooth. Then add the rest of the cream, the egg yolks (save the whites for the meringue that will go on top the pie), salt, and sugar. 
Mix thoroughly and then pour over the berries. 

Bake the pie 5 minutes, then reduce the heat to 325 ºF. and bake until the custard is well set (a knife blade inserted into it should come out clean). 

Remove the pie from the oven and top with the meringue. 

Return the pie to the oven and bake 12 to 15 minutes more, or until the meringue is golden brown.

Let cool before serving. 

Meringue: 
Combine 3 egg whites, 1/4 tsp. cream of tartar and a pinch of salt in the bowl of an electric mixer. 
Beat on medium speed until soft peaks form. 
Add 6 Tbsp. sugar, 2 Tbsp. at a time, beating after each addition. 

Beat 3 to 5 minutes longer, until all the sugar is dissolved and the whites are satiny and form stiff peaks. 

Apply the meringue to the hot pie, smoothing it to the edges of the crust to keep it from shrinking. Make peaks in the meringue with the back of a spoon.

(Return the pie to the oven and bake 12 to 15 minutes more, or until the meringue is golden brown.)

Tuesday, May 15, 2018

1877- A Plant for the Poor - Polygonum cuspidatum




This interesting view of Japanese Knotweed and of the state of poor city people was an English article published in the The Florist and Pomologist.  


1877 - POLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM AS A TOWN PLANT

IN the preface to many a small treatise, the author states that "a great want has long been felt" for the article which he, in his benevolence, has at length provided; and following this precedent, I cannot do better than introduce Polygonum cuspidatum, alias P. Sieboldii, as a plant to fill a gap of no ordinary dimensions.  

"Fat Hen", I know it as Pigweed.
 Image source

The plant belongs to a family of troublesome weeds, of which the Fat Hen (used as a spinach) is a notable member; and from a certain family likeness, this plant, like the Fat Hen, may perhaps some day do duty as a vegetable at the board of the poor man.


Its chief merits at present, however, consist in its being, like Jonah's Gourd, a plant of rapid growth, and in its taking kindly to town life. 



It grows at least 10 ft. high, and the rapidity with which it runs up may be seen, when I state that one recently planted against a cottage in a narrow street in Manchester, attained from 6 ft. to 7 ft. in height; and being a bold herbaceous plant, with a branching stem spotted with purple, and well furnished with leaves all the way up, it has no mean or common aspect.

 When rising in spring, which it does in May, the succulent shoots are crisp and tender, and rather larger than fair-sized Asparagus. The leaf is heart-shaped, with a narrowed point and truncate base, and handsome. It is thoroughly hardy, and one of its peculiarities is that its underground stems spread widely in search of fresh pasture. 

I saw it putting in an appearance in a garden adjoining the one in which it was planted, having travelled by the wall and under a flag-stone 3 ft. wide, thereby showing its aptitude for town-life; and whilst the London Nettle [Coleus] requires to be kept indoors in the dingy windows of the City, this Polygonum will do the work of the Nettle without any protection.

In a box or barrel containing half a cubic foot of earth, placed against a wall, or planted out in the paved yard, it will live and do well; and as it dies down every year, it escapes half the dirt that would have fallen upon its foliage had it been an evergreen shrub. It is, moreover, strong enough to stand alone, and does not need the town-ladder nor even a stake to keep it upright.

The Lupinus polyphyllus is one of our earliest spring plants, and has been extensively cultivated for agricultural purposes. Who knows but that this fastgrowing, early herb may some day rival the Lupine as early food for ewes and lambs. As a weed, it has much of the character of colt's-foot and couch-grass, and therefore had better be cautiously let into possession, lest it might be difficult to get it out root and branch, for it pushes its underground stems in all directions.

Whilst the rich can carry their love of grass and flowers from the country into town-life, and be able to maintain parks and squares where their children can walk under shady trees, and disport themselves on the green sward, the poor people are not deficient in taste for the same luxuries, and would gladly hail a hardy perennial herbaceous plant that would take up its abode with them, and thrive among bricks and mortar, and every year get abler for its work.

The Polygonum cuspidatum will do all this, and thereby supply a want that has long been felt.—A. FORSYTH, Salford.

_______________________

Friend of Bees -The Japanese Knotweed


This isn't a seed related post, instead,  just something else I like.  As a new beekeeper, my interest in poking around in old journals and books has led me to Polygonum cuspidatum. (Say it aloud with a good bounce - its fun)  



Japanese Knotweed was introduced in the United States as an an ornamental in the mid 1800s and grew to be one of the hardest plants to keep from taking over the countryside. 


Gardners of larger estates (and people with small lawns,  but with attitude) appreciated Castor Bean and Cannas for their large lush exotic aesthetic.
Japanese Knotweed fit right in. 

Back before the internet I had to look it up in Bailey when a narrow, shady ally behind my house sprouted a bee full forest of the stuff. 

What I haven't known until recently is that it makes a nice dark honey!!

 Japanese Knotweed honey has many people who appreciate it. I've never tasted it, but I love buckwheat honey which is as dark as molasses, so I am planning to find Polygonum cuspidatum honey to buy this fall.  

The other feature that beekeepers appreciate is the flowering time of knotweed in New England falls when most other flowers are taking a break before starting up again in early fall.  Called "the dearth", during this time when most plants are not flowering beekeepers need to feed their bees to keep their numbers up so they are ready for the important work of gathering the fall flower honey.   Bees who are not fed during a dearth wisely decrease the their numbers so there are fewer mouths to feed.  However, if the hives have a big tract of knotweed to forage on there is no dearth for those bees. 

This article promoting it as a garden plant for the larger garden is from 1868.  The same magazine, The American Agriculturist, was still promoting it as an ornamental in 1887, although they place more emphasis on how it gets out of control, with suggestions of planting it in a tub, or someplace where it can spread.  


The Japanese Knotweed.  (Polygonum cuspidatum.)

The genus Polygonum, although a large one, cannot boast of many species sufficiently elegant to be cultivated for ornament. We are familiar with them as plants to be ejected from the grounds rather than to be introduced, for here belong the False, or Climbing Buckwheat, the Black Bind-weed, Smart-weed, Knotgrass, Goose-grass, and others whose common names indicate their weedy character. The Polygonum Orientale, the Prince's Feather, or Ragged-Sailor, a tall Species with rather coarse foliage and drooping spikes of rose colored flowers, is often been in the humbler attempts at gardening, in company with Sunflowers, Love-lies-bleeding, and other similarity coarse and weedy plants. 
"We have for some years known a species which is really worth cultivating, but which does not seem to be much disseminated—the Polygonum  cuspidatum, a native of Japan. It is a perfectly hardy perennial, which throws up branching stems three or four feet high, bearing large oval leaves, which are long-pointed at the apex,—hence the name;  cuspidatum
The small white flowers are in Utile clusters in the axils of the leaves, and are succeeded by the fruit, or seeds, which being of a pale rose color are more showy than the flowers themselves. Though the flowers individually are small, they are produced in such abundance and have such a graceful droop that the plant is quite showy in flower and fruit, and its effect is heightened by the reddish color of the stems.
The plant increases very rapidly, and soon forms a large clump; indeed this is its greatest fault, and one which unfits it for use in smallholders. 
It is very effective for planting where there is plenty of room, and it will grow in any soil and situation, even under the shade of trees. It blooms in July and August, and continues for a long time. There is a variegated leaved. form which is rather curious, but the variegation is not constant. 

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I had to include this video!!




And I also have to include this one.  This is why it is a hated plant.
The presenter in this news clip is Christine Walkden, one of my favorite Gardners Question Time panel members. Gardners Question Time makes a great podcast for commuting BTW.

Sunday, May 13, 2018

1887 - Horsemint: #10 of Root's Bee Plants







If you are thinking about what honeybees consider a delightful flower - think any mint family plant.  I suppose there might be one they shun, but I haven't heard of it yet. 




Bee balm



A. I. Root's horsemint is Monarda fistulosa.  The flower shape is familiar to anyone who has the more common (in New England) garden plant, Monarda didyma, bee balm.


Horsemint is more of a southern plant in the United States.  In 1882, Mrs. Jennie Atchley was describing the bee plant year in Texas when she said,  

"...after May 20th, horse mint begins to bloom. Then we can holloa out, Eureka, all is safe; just about the same as apiarists in the north when white clover and basswood comes in."   


 In Texas, "the dearth", when bees have a hard time finding anything in bloom, comes just before the horsemint blooms.  A gentleman from Carthage, Missouri  in 1883 commented that horsemint was usually the richest honey harvest of the year.    

Frank Chapman Pellet writes, in his 1920 book, American Honey Plants: Together with Those which are of Special Value to the Beekeeper as Sources of Pollen :


HORSEMINT (Monarda)

There are several species of horsemint, known also as bee balm, wild bergamot, etc. Some of the species are represented from New England to Texas. Figure 77 (not shown) shows M. fistulosa, the wild bergamot of the North. The corolla tubes are so deep that, as a rule, the bees are unable to reach the nectar. In some cases it is reported as yielding freely and the author has seen times when the bees were apparently getting considerable nectar from this species. 
Whether the nectar secretion is unusually abundant or the corolla tubes shortened more than is commonly the case, the author will not venture an opinion.
 In parts of Wisconsin, M. punctata, according to D. L. H. Pammel, can be depended upon to yield an abundance of nectar every season. This is probably the most important species to the beekeeper. It is found more or less commonly on sandy soil from New York to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas. 
In Texas it is the source of very large quantities of surplus honey in seasons following wet winters, and springs. The honey is a clear light amber with a decided minty flavor. It is one of the most important sources in Texas, where, together with M. clinopodioides, it is regarded very highly. In the Arkansas Valley of southern Kansas horsemint is also important, yielding as high as fifty pounds of surplus per colony.


This lovely watercolor sketch by Miss Helen Sharp.  I can't find any information on her beyond what she notes on her drawings - where she is when sketching  and the date.  Her works date between 1888 and 1910.  
This sketch was done in Taunton, MA in 1910, I think. Hard to read date.


Here is another, from 1895.













And here is another artist in a book from 1800, Zorn, J., Oskamp, D.L., Afbeeldingen der artseny-gewassen met derzelver Nederduitsche en Latynsche beschryvingen, vol. 4: t. 316  (Images of the physician's crops with their Dutch and Latynian writings)